The HIV/AIDS: Antiretroviral Drugs module is part of the Pathogens in Augmented Reality (PathogenAR) mobile app. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most severe phase of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There is no effective cure for HIV. However, by taking a combination of antiretroviral drugs, people with HIV can now live long and healthy lives. Antiretroviral drugs target specific proteins which are required for infection. In this module, we review several of these proteins and how they can be targeted by antiretroviral drugs. Below is a list of resources to support this module.
Models in NIH 3D Print Exchange
- HIV Virion
- HIV Capsid
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase with AZT and Etravirine
- HIV Protease with Saquinavir and/or Peptide
- HIV Integrase with Dolutegravir
Read more about the NIH 3D Print Exchange
Protein Data Bank (PDB) Resources
- Molecule of the Month: HIV Capsid
- Molecule of the Month: HIV Envelope Glycoprotein
- Molecule of the Month: HIV-1 Protease
- Molecule of the Month: HIV Reverse Transcriptase
- Molecule of the Month: Integrase
NIAID Resources
- NIAID: HIV/AIDS
- NIAID: HIV/AIDS Treatment
- NIAID: HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral Drug Discovery
- NIAID: Future Direction for HIV Treatment Research
References
- Altman MD, Nalivaika EA, Prabu-Jeyabalan M, Schiffer CA, Tidor B. Computational design and experimental study of tighter binding peptides to an inactivated mutant of HIV-1 protease. Proteins. 2008;70(3):678–94.
- Eisinger, RW, Fauci, AS. Ending the HIV/AIDS Pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2018;24(3):413-416.
- Johnson GT, Goodsell DS, Autin L, Forli S, Sanner MF, Olson AJ. 3D molecular models of whole HIV-1 virions generated with cellPACK. Faraday Discuss. 2014;169:23–44.
- Lansdon EB, Brendza KM, Hung M, Wang R, Mukund S, Jin D, et al. Crystal structures of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with etravirine (TMC125) and rilpivirine (TMC278): implications for drug design. J Med Chem. 2010;53(10):4295–9.
- Li M, Chen X, Wang H, Jurado KA, Engelman AN, Craigie R. A peptide derived from lens epithelium-derived growth factor stimulates HIV-1 DNA integration and facilitates intasome structural studies. J Mol Biol. 2020;432(7):2055–66.
- Sarafianos SG, Marchand B, Das K, Himmel DM, Parniak MA, Hughes SH, et al. Structure and function of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase: molecular mechanisms of polymerization and inhibition. J Mol Biol. 2009;385(3):693–713.
- Serrao E, Ballandras-Colas A, Cherepanov P, Maertens GN, Engelman AN. Key determinants of target DNA recognition by retroviral intasomes. Retrovirology. 2015;12(1):39.
- Tie Y, Kovalevsky AY, Boross P, Wang Y-F, Ghosh AK, Tozser J, et al. Atomic resolution crystal structures of HIV-1 protease and mutants V82A and I84V with saquinavir. Proteins. 2007;67(1):232–42.